Slavery,
Segregation, Solutions, and Missing Gratitude.
By
Rev. Dr Paul Samson
I wrote this little essay help me clear up my own bewilderment
about racial issues. I hope it will also
be useful to others.
My brow is furrowed and I have question marks colliding
with each other in my brain. Oh, where
to start? Research is always a good way
to reduce the number of question marks!
SO
LET’S START WITH SLAVERY
I think it is safe to say that most people know that
white people did not start slavery.
Slavery is an ancient institution that is as old as the human race. I suspect that every ethnic group on the
planet has, at one time or another, been enslaved or owned slaves.
The specific instance of slavery experienced by some
American Blacks had its roots in Black tribal chieftains selling their own
people to slave traders, or selling captured prisoners of war. In fact raiding another tribe to sell those
who were captured was a commonplace way for Black chieftains to acquire
wealth.
The slave traders were mostly Arabs. The Arabian slave markets sold Black slaves
to white ship owners who then transported their “cargo” to those who used slave
labor. Of all 1,515,605 families in the 15 slave states in 1860, nearly 400,000
held slaves (roughly one in four), amounting to 8% of all American
families. So at the apex of slavery in the United States only 8% of
American families owned staves and some of those slaves were owned by Black
Americans.
BLACK
SLAVEHOLDERS
Some slaveholders were Black or had some Black ancestry. In
1830 there were 3,775 such slaveholders in the South who owned 12,760 slaves, with
80% of them located in Louisiana, South Carolina, Virginia, and Maryland. There
were economic differences between free Blacks of the Upper South and Deep
South, with the latter fewer in number, but wealthier and typically of mixed
race. Half of the Black slaveholders lived in cities rather than the
countryside, with most in New Orleans and Charleston. Especially New Orleans had a large, relatively wealthy free
Black population (gens
de couleur) composed of people of mixed race,
who had become a third class between whites and enslaved Blacks under French
and Spanish rule. Relatively few slaveholders were “substantial planters.” Of
those who were, most were of mixed race, often endowed by white fathers with
some property and social capital. For example, a Black man, Andrew
Durnford of New Orleans, was listed as owning seventy-seven slaves. According
to Rachel Kranz: "Durnford was known as a stern master who worked his slaves
hard and punished them often in his efforts to make his Louisiana sugar
plantation a success.”
The historians John Hope Franklinand
Loren Schweninger wrote: A large majority of profit-oriented free Black slaveholders
resided in the Lower South. For the most part, they were persons of mixed
racial origin, often women who cohabited or were mistresses of white men, or
mulatto men. Provided land and slaves by
whites, they owned farms and plantations, worked their hands in the rice,
cotton, and sugar fields, and like their white contemporaries were troubled
with runaways.
The
historian Ira
Berlin wrote: In slave societies, nearly everyone
– free and slave – aspired to enter the slaveholding class, and upon occasion
some former slaves rose into slaveholders’ ranks. Their acceptance was
grudging, as they carried the stigma of bondage in their lineage and, in the
case of American slavery, color in their skin.
Free Blacks
were perceived “as a continual symbolic threat to slaveholders, challenging the
idea that ‘black’ and ‘slave’ were synonymous.” Free Blacks were seen as
potential allies of fugitive slaves and “slaveholders bore witness to their
fear and loathing of free Blacks in no uncertain terms." For free Blacks, who had only a precarious
hold on freedom, “slave ownership was not simply an economic convenience but
indispensable evidence of the free Blacks' determination to break with their
slave past and their silent acceptance – if not approval – of slavery.”
The historian James Oakes in 1982 notes that, “The evidence is overwhelming that the vast majority of black slaveholders were free men who purchased members of their families or who acted out of benevolence.” After 1810 southern states made it increasingly difficult for any slaveholders to free slaves. Often the purchasers of family members were left with no choice but to maintain, on paper, the owner-slave relationship. In the 1850s “there were increasing efforts to restrict the right to hold bondsmen on the grounds that slaves should be kept ‘as far as possible under the control of white men only.”
In his 1985 statewide study of black slaveholders in South Carolina, Larry Koger challenged the benevolent view. He found that the majority of black slaveholders appeared to hold slaves as a commercial decision. For instance, he noted that in 1850 more than 80% of black slaveholders were of mixed race, but nearly 90% of their slaves were classified as black. He also noted the number of small artisans in Charleston who held slaves to help with their businesses.
WHITE SLAVES HAD BLACK SLAVE OWNERS
IN AMERICA
Robert M. Grooms, in "The
Johnson Family: African-American Owners of White and Black Slaves", has revealed the fact that Blacks owned White slaves
in America. He also notes that a legal precedent for life-long slavery in
America was established by a Black slave owner with regard to one of his Black
slaves.
WHERE
IS THE “THANK YOU” FOR ENDING SLAVARY?
Slavery is an evil as old as humanity and has been practiced by all races. So why do modern day blacks blame the entire white race for slavery when all races have participated in slavery and in fact, it was white Americans who stopped slavery? Gee, maybe they have been brainwashed by politicians for political advantage.
In 1860 at the height of slave ownership the total
Number of Slaves was 3,950,528. In the American civil war that ended slavery 2,138,948 men served in the
Union Army 596,670 Union soldiers were killed wounded or captured. Do black Americans have a special day set
aside to show their gratitude for the sacrifice these men made? Why not?
So, Black chieftains sold Black slaves to Arabs. Arabs sold those slaves to slave traders. Slavery was a fact of life. Even free Black Americans owned Black slaves. Black Africans and Arabs made slavery possible. White Americans stopped slavery. Where is the gratitude on the part of Blacks toward white abolitionists?
So, in summary, white people had a small part in supporting
slavery in America. White people had a
very large part in ending slavery. Blacks
have not expressed their gratitude to white people!
CIVIL RIGHTS SEGREGATION AND DISCRIMINATION
So, Republicans and Union
Soldiers fought for freedom for Black people.
The 14th
amendment to the US Constitution was ratified on July 9, 1868 during
the Reconstruction era. It, along
with the 13th and 15th amendments are collectively known as the
Reconstruction amendments. Its broad goal was to ensure that the Civil Rights Act passed in 1866 would remain valid
ensuring that "all persons born in the United States...excluding Indians
not taxed...." were citizens and were to be given "full and equal
benefit of all laws."
After the
Civil War it became possible for Blacks to vote in the south. This was made
possible by the passage of the Reconstruction Acts by Congress. Five states had
a majority Black population: Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, and
South Carolina. Prior to the Reconstruction Acts, which were given more support
by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution, there were
627,000 White voters in the south and no Black voters. After Blacks gained the
right to vote, and there were 703,000 who did so, it became possible for Blacks
to hold office on a local and statewide basis.
All the
early Black congressmen (and senators) were members of the Republican party.
This is because the Republicans, exemplified by President Abraham Lincoln, were
the party in office during the Civil War and many abolitionists belonged to the
Republican Party. The Democrats were opposed to all attempts to banish slavery.
Thirteen
of the twenty-two Blacks elected to Congress during Reconstruction were
ex-slaves and all were self taught or family trained. There were seven lawyers,
three ministers, one banker, one publisher, two school teachers, and three
college presidents. Eight had experience in state assemblies and senates. There
were problems, however, as five of the first twenty Blacks elected to the House
were denied their seats and ten others had their terms interrupted or delayed.
Claims of vote fraud were the most common ploy used by Democrats to deny an
elected Black person his seat.
In 1869
James Lewis, John Willis Menard, and Pinckney B.S. Pinchback — all of Louisiana
— were elected and never seated. In 1870 Joseph H. Rainey of South Carolina was
the first Black to be seated in the House. He ran for reelection in 1872, won,
and in 1874 his reelection was challenged. He was seated after the House, after
several months, voted to seat him. He won again in 1876, and was again
challenged. He was seated and after eighteen months the investigating committee
recommended his seat be declared vacant. The full House, however, did not vote
on the matter and referred it back to committee.
Other
Blacks who were elected to the House and seated often had very rocky tenures.
Only a few did not have to face hostile, organized opposition within Congress.
During
Reconstruction, southern Democrats suddenly found themselves looking at former
slaves not only eyeball to eyeball, but as equals before the law and in their
(the freed slaves) ability to obtain elected office. Many Southern Democrats
never ceased trying to "turn back the clock" so to speak.
Through
the imposition of "Black Codes," laws designed to limit Black
participation in all areas of life, the establishment of sanctioned violence
and "control" on the local level by the Ku Klux Klan, the active and
passive aid — via passing legislation and refusing to act when called upon in
certain circumstances — the Democrats were eventually successful in bringing
about the end of Reconstruction. In Reconstruction's place segregation was
instituted in the South and voting rights for Blacks ceased. Thus, toward the
end of the 19th century, it became virtually impossible for Blacks in the south
to be elected to any office. This reality did not alter until the mid-1960s.
Blacks mostly voted Republican from after the Civil War and
through the early part of the 20th century. That’s not surprising when one
considers that Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president, and the
white, segregationist politicians who governed Southern states in those days
were Democrats. The Democratic Party didn’t welcome Blacks then, and it wasn’t
until 1924 that Blacks were even permitted to attend Democratic conventions in
any official capacity. Most Blacks lived in the South, where they were mostly
prevented from voting at all.
FORTUNATELY, NOT ALL DEMOCRATS WERE
FROM THE SOUTH
Republicans
joined forces with northern Democrats, and civil rights volunteers. Several
important factors contributed to the paradigm shift toward eliminating
discrimination and establishing Civil Rights for Blacks in America.
- Work is a virtue with significant value beyond a pay check. The Work Projects Administration; WPA was the largest and most ambitious American New Deal agency, employing millions of unemployed people (mostly unskilled men) to carry out public works projects, including the construction of public buildings and roads. Black workers were well represented in the WPA crews. About 10% of WPA workers were Black which was about the same percentage as the Blacks in the general population
·
The
election of Roosevelt in 1932 marked the beginning of a change. He got 71
percent of the Black vote for president in 1936 and did nearly that well in the
next two elections. But even then, the number of Blacks identifying themselves
as Republicans was about the same as the number who thought of themselves as
Democrats.
·
The Tuskegee Airmen is the popular name of a group of African-American military pilots (fighter
and bomber) who fought in World War II. In July
of 1944 the Tuskegee Pilots received the North American P-51 Mustang, the most agile Warbird of World War II. They really distinguished themselves and became
American heroes. I became very difficult
to think of a college educated Black man who was an officer in the U. S.
Military and the hero pilot of a “Mustang”, protecting our bomber crews, as just
some Nigger.
·
In
early 1948, Harry Truman issued an order desegregating the armed services and
an executive order setting up regulations against racial bias in federal
employment. Truman garnered 77 percent of the Black vote in 1948 and for the
first time the majority of Blacks reported that they thought of themselves as
Democrats.
PROGRESS
AND PROTESTS
In the early 1950s, once again racist
Democrats tried to block civil rights. In
1954, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously in Brown v. Board of Education that
racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. Many southern
political leaders claimed the desegregation decision violated the rights of
states to manage their systems of public education, and they responded with
defiance, legal challenges, delays, or token compliance. As a result, school
desegregation proceeded very slowly. By 1960s, less than 10 percent of Black
children in the South were attending integrated schools.
In 1957, National Guard troops under
orders from Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower were the first Federal
troops used to enforce Civil Rights. But,
even after Little Rock, school integration was painfully slow, and segregation
in general remained largely untouched.
In February 1960, four Black college
students sat down at a Woolworth's lunch counter in Greensboro, N.C., and asked
to be served. They were refused service, and they refused to leave their seats.
Within days, more than 50 students had volunteered to continue the sit-in, and
within weeks the movement had spread to other college campuses. Sit‑ins and
other protests swept across the South in early 1960, touching more than 65
cities in 12 states. Roughly 50,000 young people joined the protests that year.
Across the nation, more than 70
percent of African Americans voted for Kennedy, and these votes provided the
winning edge in several key states. When President Kennedy took office in
January 1961, African Americans had high expectations for the new
administration.
But Kennedy's narrow election victory
and small working margin in Congress left him cautious. He was reluctant to
lose southern support for legislation on many fronts by pushing too hard on
civil rights legislation. Instead, he appointed unprecedented numbers of
African Americans to high-level positions in the administration and
strengthened the Civil Rights Commission. He spoke out in favor of school
desegregation, praised a number of cities for integrating their schools, and
put Vice President Lyndon Johnson in charge of the President's Committee on
Equal Employment Opportunity. Attorney General Robert Kennedy turned his
attention to voting rights, initiating five times the number of suits brought
during the previous administration.
In the fall of 1962 the comprehensive
civil rights bill cleared several hurdles in Congress and won the endorsement
of House and Senate Republican leaders. It was not passed, however, before
November 22, 1963, when President Kennedy was assassinated. However, with the
support of Republicans and northern Democrats the Civil Rights agenda continued
to progress. Southern members of the House
and Senate were vehemently against such an act. Republican Congressmen and Senators prevailed
and in February of 1964, the House of Representatives passed the Civil Rights Act
by a vote of 290-130. The Senate vote
was 73-27. President Johnson signed the
bill into law on July 2, 1964.
The take away from the
Civil Rights story is that white northern Democrats and Republican leadership
led the way for Blacks to achieve legal equality. The so called “solid South” part of the
Democratic Party remained openly racist and used ignoble tactics to continue
the oppression of Black people.
So, why in the world
do Black voters consistently vote Democratic?
Why are Black people so angry with white people?
Where are the monuments erected by Black people to honor the white
fallen soldiers from the Civil War?
Where are the brass plaques for the white Civil Rights martyrs such as
James Reeb, Andrew Goodman, and Michael
Schwerner who gave their lives to the cause of Black equality?
THE NEW FACE OF
SLAVERY
Shortly after the Civil Rights movement victories, Democrats
began passing laws to help “poor people” by providing subsidies for food,
clothing, and shelter
As
a part of the Great Society, President
Johnson believed in expanding the federal government's roles in “helping” Black
People. Here are some of those programs:
Medicaid Grants to States
Food Stamps (SNAP)
Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC)
Housing assistance
Child Nutrition Program (CHIP)
Support Payments to States, TANF
Feeding Programs (WIC & CSFP)
Low Income Home Energy Assistance
Food
Stamp Act of 1964
The Economic
Opportunity Act of 1964 which
created the Community Action
Program, Job Corps and Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA), centerpiece of the "war on
poverty" – August 20, 1964
Elementary and
Secondary Education Act -
April 11, 1965
Fifty years and $20 trillion later, LBJ's goal to
help the poor become self-supporting has failed.
Or, maybe it accomplished
exactly what the racist Democrats wanted in the first place.
Unfortunately, Blacks became subservient and dependent rather than free.
The Democrats re-enslaved Black people with handouts. Black Americans sold their hard won freedom
for food stamps and housing subsidies just as Esau sold his birthright for a
bowl of pottage. This Biblical example about Esau sees “pottage” is something immediately
attractive but of little value taken foolishly and carelessly in exchange for
something more distant and perhaps less tangible but immensely more valuable.
The phrase alludes to Esau's sale of his birthright for a meal of lentil stew ("pottage")
in Genesis 25:29–34 and connotes shortsightedness and misplaced
priorities.
THIS IS THE PREMISE THE LIBERALS SUPPORT:
Democratic voters
declare that property belonging to citizen "A" be confiscated by the
government and given to Citizen "B" or maybe even a non-citizen. That
is fundamentally wrong! Anyone who cannot see the violation of morality in that
scenario has a corrupt soul.
Also,” A
government that robs Peter to pay Paul can always depend on the support of
Paul.” George Bernard Shaw
So liberals
steal from some citizens to buy votes from other citizens. This behavior is
just plain evil!
So now Blacks
vote overwhelmingly for Democratic candidates.
Of course
it would have been dramatically more effective and much less expensive to
ensure that Blacks were fully equal and fully participated in our society. But that obvious solution did not fit the
desires of southern Democratic politicians.
These racists do not want free Black people! They want Black people to be beholding to
Democrats. And in modern times the
political tactics of liberal Democrats have replaced the group of southern Democrats
and now almost all Democrats are involved in oppressing Black people by
encouraging their dependency.
"The
only thing you can give a man without hurting him is an opportunity." Henry Ford
A biography of Lynden Johnson reports
this quotation that illustrates how Liberals and old school Democrats see the
their victory in the war on poverty, “These Negroes, they’re
getting pretty uppity these days and that’s a problem for us since they’ve got
something now they never had before, the political pull to back up their
uppityness. Now we’ve got to do something about this, we’ve got to give them a
little something, just enough to quiet them down, not enough to make a
difference. I’ll
have those niggers voting Democratic for the next 200 years.” —Lyndon B. Johnson to two governors on Air Force One
Johnson’s and Obama’s “wars on poverty”
are frauds to keep people poor and dependent on the federal government. By
keeping Blacks dependent on them, the Democrats “own” Blacks, and keep them
doing their bidding, their work. This is the modern face of slavery, slavery
being something the Democrat party has always owned and has no intention of
giving up.
In the mad dash to vilify the Republicans and Conservatives today many have forgotten the fact that it was
the Republican Party that was the champion of Civil Rights and freedom for
African Americans. Today that story goes either untold or when it is told,
those that do so are immediately under attack and accused of being a racist.
Many today would like you to believe that just because conservatives would
rather assist in moving people off the rolls of welfare or any number of
assistance programs, we do not care about those that have been conditioned to
be dependent on those programs, and that is one of the most fatal mistakes that
progressives make. Conservatives understand that people need assistance, but we
also understand that it cannot become a lifestyle, that is passed down to
generations to come.
SO
WHAT HAPPENS TO PEOPLE ENSLAVED IN A SOCIETY OF DEPENDENCY?
We need to begin
accepting that there is an underclass of people who are racist, criminal, use
more than they produce, feed at the public trough, produce fatherless children,
see themselves as victims, use dangerous drugs, promote prostitution, whose
speech is full of vulgarities and reeks of ignorance, and hate white Americans.
Gee, who could that class of people be? Do we have a name for them? Or is the
name unspeakable?
Quote from a Psychology
Professor I once had; “People are not who you think they are. People are
not who they think they are. People are what they do. That is why this is
called the behavioral science". Forget the labels. They are all
misleading. Pay attention to the behavior. Describe these people according to
their behavior and all the racist politics dissolve into the nothingness from
which they came. The word "racist" was invented by democrats to buy
votes. The social pathology I describe
below is not specific to any particular race and could happen to any ethnic
group.
NO MATTER WHAT COLOR YOU ARE
If you participate in criminal
behavior you are a criminal and you don’t deserve to be treated as an equal
with law abiding citizens.
·
If your demographic group commits
more crime than other demographic groups you will be looked upon with suspicion
even if you personally are not a criminal.
·
If your demographic group has a
large number of dysfunctional families your children will not be well adjusted
nor do well in school or the workplace.
·
If your demographic group has a
large percentage of “fatherless” children your culture is sick and does not
deserve equality.
·
If your demographic group has a high
drop-out rate for high school you are not the equal of educated people.
·
If your demographic group uses
illegal drugs and abuses alcohol you will not be the equal of sober responsible
people.
·
If you cannot properly read, write,
and speak the language of your country do not expect equal treatment when you
apply for a job or interact with those who are fluent with the primary
language.
·
If you behave hatefully toward other
demographic groups you will not be respected.
·
If you use more than you produce or
accept handouts you are of no value to your society and cannot expect to be
treated as an equal.
·
If your demographic group makes up
12% of the population and accounts for 49% of all homicides, and
if 93% of those murders a committed by other people in the
same demographic group, your group is pathologically violent and should not be
seen as equal to other less violent groups.
·
If it is safer to be in the military
than in your neighborhood, enlist now. If you get through boot camp you
will be treated as an equal
·
If you are blaming other people for
your dysfunctional behavior you have serious psychological problems and don’t
deserve to be treated as an equal.
Equality doesn’t come to you because
of your color, no matter what it is. Laws cannot bestow equality, no
matter how much politicians will lie to you to get your vote. You will be
respected because of your behavior. You will be equal when your behavior
is equal to other people in the nation.
There are dozens of demographic
studies that have not been cited above, but make the same point. Don’t
blame your color for your lack of equality. Blame your own behavior.
Yourself
To Blame by Mayme White Miller
If
things go bad for you
And make you a bit ashamed
Often you will find out that
You have yourself to blame
And make you a bit ashamed
Often you will find out that
You have yourself to blame
Swiftly
we ran to mischief
And then the bad luck came
Why do we fault others?
We have ourselves to blame
And then the bad luck came
Why do we fault others?
We have ourselves to blame
Whatever
happens to us,
Here is what we say
“Had it not been for so-and-so
Things wouldn’t have gone that way.”
Here is what we say
“Had it not been for so-and-so
Things wouldn’t have gone that way.”
And
if you are short of friends,
I’ll tell you what to do
Make an examination,
You’ll find the faults in you…
I’ll tell you what to do
Make an examination,
You’ll find the faults in you…
You’re
the captain of your ship,
So agree with the same
If you travel downward
You have yourself to blame
So agree with the same
If you travel downward
You have yourself to blame
THERE
IS A SOLUTION
The good news is that there is a way
out. You do have equal opportunity. Change your behavior and you
will leave your demographic group behind and become an equal.
You may be right that "simple
will power" is not adequate to reverse decades of social pathology in your
culture. But I do know that validating pathology and subsidizing it will
prevent any tactic from being efficacious. The sub culture we are discussing is
sick to its core.
However, the solution is available
within this very same demographic group. Not everybody is sick. One of the most
valuable areas of research for epidemiologists is studying those who don't get
sick. How are the functional
people in this demographic group behaving? Mostly they succeed because of
hard work, good values, and responsible living. And that is a universal recipe
for success and is not confined to any demographic group. Those are the
nongovernmental solutions that can heal a sick society. Blaming the pathology
on other people is not a solution. Blaming the pathology on history is not a
solution.
AN
EXAMPLE OF THE PERSONAL SOULTION
There are no government
solutions. There isn’t a “program” that
will rescue you!
Need
an example? The Washington Post report
notes that Dr. Ben Carson’s mother, Sonya, had a big influence in the life of a
“screw-up kid with a temper” who later went on to become a world famous
neurosurgeon and ultimately an outspoken, conservative critic of many of
President Obama’s policies, especially ObamaCare.
“Sonya
had 24 siblings and was married at age 13. When she found out that her husband,
Ben’s father, had a second family, they divorced. Unable to read, Sonya
encouraged her kids to stop watching television and read two books per week.” Sonya Carson's
life motto is: "Learn to do your best and God will do the rest." Thank you, Sonya! That is the solution.
